Background and Purpose The therapeutic effects of fluoxetine are believed to be due increasing neuronal plasticity reversing some learning deficits. Nevertheless, a growing amount evidence shows adverse this drug on cognition forms plasticity. Experimental Approach To study the chronic treatment, we combine an automated assessment motivation in mice with investigation central amygdala basolater...

BACKGROUND Conjoint activity of the insula and amygdala has frequently been reported during emotional stimulation in general and in anxiety-related contexts in particular. However, direct connectivity between the insula and amygdala in this framework has received little attention so far. Studying whether inter-individual differences in anxiety reflect variation in insula-amygdala connectivity i...

Introduction: Considering the antiepileptogenic effects of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), the effect of rTMS applied during amygdala kindling on spontaneous activity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was investigated. Materials and Methods: A tripolar electrode was inserted in basolateral amygdala of Male Wistar rats. After a recovery period, animals received daily kindl...

BACKGROUND Early childhood anxiety has been linked to an increased risk for developing mood and anxiety disorders. Little, however, is known about its effect on the brain during a period in early childhood when anxiety-related traits begin to be reliably identifiable. Even less is known about the neurodevelopmental origins of individual differences in childhood anxiety. METHODS We combined st...

Previous results indicate that intra-amygdala infusions of NMDA receptor antagonists block the extinction of conditioned fear. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) can be activated by NMDA receptor stimulation and is involved in excitatory fear conditioning. Here, we evaluate the role of MAPK within the basolateral amygdala in the extinction of conditioned fear. Rats received 10 light-shock ...

The amygdala is a heterogeneous structure that has been implicated in a wide variety of functions, most notably in fear conditioning. From this research, an influential serial model of amygdala processes has emerged in which aversive learning is mediated by the amygdala basolateral nucleus whereas performance, in this case of various defensive reflexes, is mediated by the central nucleus. By co...

Fear generalization to stimuli resembling a conditioned danger-cue (CS+) is fundamental dynamic of classical fear-conditioning. Despite the ubiquity fear in human experience and its known pathogenic contribution clinical anxiety, neural investigations have only recently begun. The present work provides first meta-analysis this growing literature delineate brain substrates fear-generalization fo...

Behavioral, electroencephalographic, and evoked potential studies, as well as experiments utilizing the direct intracerebral injection of benzodiazepines (BZs), have implicated the amygdala, particularly its basolateral nuclear division, as an important locus of the therapeutic actions of these drugs. BZ receptor localization within the amygdala could further define which amygdaloid nuclei are ...