Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection commonly occurs through horizontal transmission via household/close contact. Although the body fluids of patients infected with HBV are likely to play a significant role in horizontal transmission, the precise mechanism remains unclear. In the 1970s, the infectivity of body fluids including saliva, urine, and faeces was assessed for the presence of hepatitis B ...

background: health care workers are facing certain occupational hazards because of sharp injury and exposure to human blood and body fluids as a result of handling wastes. though much attention is paid for the protection of these workers, the number of exposures and injuries do not show a sign of decline from time to time. objective: to examine the occurrence of sharp injury and exposure to blo...

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this article reviews the recently published data on the diagnosis of cancer with proteomics, including the major proteomics technologies and promising strategies for biomarker discovery and development.  most of the tumor markers are proteins that either numerically increase in response to the alteration of cancer conditions or are produced by cancer cells. however, they are natural compounds o...