In the development of most arthropods, the caudal region of the elongating germ band (the growth zone) sequentially produces new segments. Previous work with the spider Cupiennius salei suggested involvement of Delta-Notch signaling in segmentation. Here, we report that, in the spider Achaearanea tepidariorum, the same signaling pathway exerts a different function in the presumptive caudal regi...

Evolutionary patterns of intrinsic caudal musculature in ray-finned fishes show that fine control of the dorsal lobe of the tail evolved first, followed by the ability to control the ventral lobe. This progression of increasing differentiation of musculature suggests specialization of caudal muscle roles. Fine control of fin elements is probably responsible for the range of fin conformations ob...

background the caudal approach to the epidural space has been used for decades to treat low back pain caused by lumbosacral root compression. the use of fluoroscopy during epidural steroid injection is the preferred method for placing the needle more accurately in the sacral hiatus, but it carries the risk of radiation hazard. objectives the aim of the study was to assess the anatomical structu...

OBJECTIVE To assess radiologically the caudal vertebrae of a male alpaca with an abnormal tail, and nine of his offspring. PROCEDURE Right lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs were taken of the caudal vertebrae. RESULTS The caudal vertebral abnormalities in these alpacas included vertebral subluxation, hemivertebrae, wedge hemivertebrae and block vertebrae. CONCLUSION These malformations ...

Abstract The distinctive caudal-fin skeleton of gadiforms has puzzled scientists for a long time, because its many differences in comparison to other teleosts. Contradicting hypotheses interpreted this structure as (i) highly derived teleostean caudal fin, (ii) new formation with parts from the caudal, dorsal and anal fins, so called pseudocaudal, or (iii) complete evolutionary novelty, neocaud...

In this paper, a robotic fish with a caudal fin with vertical phase differences is studied, especially focusing on the energy consumption. Energies for thrusting a conventional robotic fish and one with caudal fin with vertical phase differences are obtained and compared each other. It is shown that a robotic fish with a caudal fin with vertical phase differences can save more energy, which imp...

Objective. This study determined the effective concentration (EC) of lidocaine plus 75 μg fentanyl for caudal block in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy. Methods. Consecutive male patients scheduled for TRUS guided prostate biopsy were enrolled. The mixed solution for caudal block contained lidocaine and 75 μg fentanyl, in total 20 mL. The concentration of...