cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the lung cancer. it is known that cox-2 negatively regulates the activity of a number of tumor suppressors, including p53. consequently, inhibition of cox-2 signaling is anticipated to be a promising approach to stabilize p53 functionality. in this regard, we investigated the effect of cox-2 signaling blockade on p53 and cox-2 e...

Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth main cause of cancer death worldwide. Important genes associated with esophageal cancer include FOXO3, AKT, and GSK3β. Excessive FOXO3 expression inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. The expression of AKT is involved in controlling cell growth in tumors. GSK3β activity is higher in cancer tissues. Given the effective role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in...

Thrombin is a multifunctional enzyme which has key roles in coagulation cascade and inflammatory events. The pro-inflammatory functions of thrombin occur by different mechanisms including increasing mast cell degranulation, up-regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and promoting the secretion of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Dysregulated signaling functions of thro...

objective(s):intermittent hypoxia (ih), caused by obstructive sleep apnea (osa), could cause hippocampus or neuron damage through multiple signaling pathways, while the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. thus, the present study aimed to explore the effect of ih on the biological functions of microglia cells. materials and methods:cell proliferation of bv2 cells after exposure to ih were o...

Background Background: Mammalian spermatogenesis is regulated through paracrine and endocrine activity, specific cell signaling, and local control mechanisms. These highly specific signaling interactions are effectively absent upon placing testicular cells into two-dimensional primary culture. The specific changes that occur between key cell types and involved spermatogenesis signaling pathways...

toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4), considered one of  the most important tlr, recognizes lipopolysaccharide of  gram-negative bacteria. recognition  of  ligands by  tlrs  induces signaling pathways resulting in activation of transcriptional factors such as nf-κb which are involved in  the  expression of  inflammatory cytokines and  chemokines. to  prevent  an inappropriate immune response, a complex ...

interferons (ifns) are a family of small regulatory glycoproteins that play a central role in the defense against viral infections. although ifns have been initially discovered as antiviral factors, today they are known as an integral part of the cytokine network that affect a wide range of biological processes. ifns exert their pleiotropic effects through their multisubunit cell surface recept...

objective(s):degradation of sphingosine 1-phosphate (s1p), as a bioactive lipid, or deregulation of its production involves in tumor progression, metastasis and chemoresistance. since the tumor progression effects of s1p and its mechanism in chronic lymphoblastic leukemia and non-small cell lung cancer is not fully understood, we investigated the role and one of the mechanisms of s1p in tumor p...

background and objectives: silymarin is a unique flavonoid complex with documented hepatoprotective properties. silybum  marianum hairy root culture as a source for producing silymarin has been an important strategy for study the cell signaling pathway. in the present investigation trichoderma strains- silybum marianum hairy root cultures interactions have been studied. methods: the effects of ...