Framing scholarship on policy issues has primarily focused on how competitive message environments alter framing effects or how individual differences moderate the impact of frames. This study combines both of these focal areas by examining how individual open/closed-mindedness moderates framing effects about climate change within competitive and noncompetitive framing contexts. Contrary to pre...

in this article, the causative alternation in persian is discussed. first, it is shown that persian anticausative verbs involve a cause component and an implicit external argument. second, we claim that causative alternation arises when a single change-of-state verb invokes more than one semantic frame (fillmore, 1985): causative frame and anticausative frame. these semantic frames are the resu...

youth play a pivotal role in nineteenth-century russianliterature. their life and thoughts were different from others. they developeddifferent ideas and methods. the grasp of different sciences, eloquence, poetand literature, fighting skills, and aristocratic way of life were commoncharacteristics of superfluous man. however, they were different from usualaristocrats. they did not find anything...

This paper studies efficient learning with respect to mind changes. Our starting point is the idea that a learner that is efficient with respect to mind changes minimizes mind changes not only globally in the entire learning problem, but also locally in subproblems after receiving some evidence. Formalizing this idea leads to the notion of uniform mind change optimality. We characterize the str...