Many of the mitochondria of Tetrahymena thermophila are localized in the cell cortex in regular, identifiable patterns. Two different mitochondrial patterns are seen; whether a cell expresses one or the other type apparently depends upon nutrient conditions in the culture and not upon other factors tested. Consistent associations between cortical mitochondria and certain of the cortical microtu...

Cover Illustration: The 3D reconstruction of super-resolution immunofluorescent confocal image shows that glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1; green)-labeled astrocytic processes enwrap neurons labeled by microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2, red; nuclei, blue) in primary mouse cortical glia-neuron mix culture. close proximity MAP2-GLT1 indicates the neuron-astrocyte interaction for maintaining hom...

Mechanisms intrinsic to the early cerebral cortex have been implicated in the establishment of cortical area identity. However, the extent to which the cortical protomap contributes to the formation of highly complex intrahemispheric connections remains obscure. Mechanisms by which postmitotic neurons establish correct corticocortical connections later in corticogenesis also remain to be elucid...

The cerebral cortex is a multilayered tissue, with each layer differing in its cellular composition and connections. Axons from deep layer neurons project subcortically, many to the thalamus, whereas superficial layer neurons target other cortical areas. The mechanisms that regulate the development of this pattern of connections are not fully understood. Our experiments examined the potential o...

cortical spreading depression (csd) has been suggested to underlie some neurological disorders such as migraine. despite the intensity with which many investigators have studied sd in the brain, only a few studies have aimed to identify sd in the spinal cord. here we described the main characteristic features of sd in the spinal cord induced by different methods including various spinal cord in...