Crow deaths were observed after West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced into North America, and this phenomenon has subsequently been used to monitor the spread of the virus. To investigate potential differences in the crow virulence of different WNV strains, American Crows were inoculated with Old World strains of WNV from Kenya and Australia (Kunjin) and a North American (NY99) WNV genotype. Inf...

In this study, the performance of the algorithms of whale, Differential evolutionary, crow search, and Gray Wolf optimization were evaluated to operate the Golestan Dam reservoir with the objective function of meeting downstream water needs. Also, after defining the objective function and its constraints, the convergence degree of the algorithms was compared with each other and with the absolut...

This paper adds one more contribution to the large literature on binomial confidence intervals for small samples (e.g., Clopper and Pearson 1934; Pearson and Hartley 1954; Sterne 1954; Crow 1956; Blyth and Still 1983; Blyth 1986; Santner and Duffy 1989; Agresti and Coull 1998; Henderson and Meyer 2001). Clopper and Peason (1934) gave the first two-sided binomial confidence intervals, in graphic...

Social animals encountering natural dangers face decisions such as whether to freeze, flee or harass the threat. The American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, conspicuously mobs dangers. We used positron emission tomography to test the hypothesis that distinct neuronal substrates underlie the crow's consistent behavioural response to different dangers. We found that crows activated brain regions as...

Recognizing other individuals by integrating different sensory modalities is a crucial ability of social animals, including humans. Although cross-modal individual recognition has been demonstrated in mammals, the extent of its use by birds remains unknown. Herein, we report the first evidence of cross-modal recognition of group members by a highly social bird, the large-billed crow (Corvus mac...

We studied laterality of tool use in 10 captive New Caledonian (NC) crows (Corvus moneduloides). All subjects showed near-exclusive individual laterality, but there was no overall bias in either direction (five were left-lateralized and five were right-lateralized). This is consistent with results in non-human primates, which show strong individual lateralization for tool use (but not for other...

We present a rigorous theory of rotating degenerate optical cavities and a coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) including the impact of material losses associated with practical cavities and resonators. The losses are modeled as a perturbation of the material’s relative permittivity by adding to it a small imaginary component. The Sagnac frequency shift in a single lossy cavity is shown t...