AIM To analyse the effect of ferrule height upon the mechanical resistance and stress distribution within a root to explain variations in the pattern of root fracture. METHODOLOGY An extracted, intact, caries free, maxillary right central incisor was scanned by laser and then reconstructed on a computer to produce a model of the tooth and associated periodontal ligament. A simulated post/core...

Pinus halepensis Mill. is a Mediterranean pioneer forest species with shade intolerance features. The 15 purpose of this study is to better understand how stand fertility and allelopathic properties of adult trees influence 16 shade acclimation of saplings. Crown growth and morphological plasticity were studied under different light, 17 fertilization, and allelopathic conditions in a nursery ex...

in order to study of nitrogen absorb and use efficiency of wheat (triticum aestivum) and wild oat (avena fatua) at vegetative growth stage, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized block design with three replications in research greenhouse of faculty of agriculture, at ferdowsi university of mashhad in 2008. the first factor was competition between wild oat (densitie...

In the current study, a novel approach combining quantile regression with nonlinear mixed-effects (QR-NLME) modeling was applied to predict maximum crown width (cwmax) of three economically important forest species—the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.), and Calabrian brutia Ten.) at tree level. A power QR-NLME model fitted first dataset including 1414 trees obta...

Stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (H) are commonly used measures of tree growth. We examined patterns of height growth and diameter growth along a stem using a 20-year record of an even-aged hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.) stand. In the region of the stem below the crown (except for the butt swell), diameter growth rates (ΔD) at different heights...

The ability to tolerate neighboring plants (i.e. degree of competitive response) is a key determinant plant success in high-competition environments. Plant genotypes adjust their functional trait expression under high levels competition, which may help explain intra-specific variation response. However, the relationships between traits and response are not well understood, especially trees. In ...

Inter-tree competition can be assessed using relatively simple indices derived from tree diameters, heights and locations, but they have often been found to deficient for predicting growth. To better understand these linkages, we measure dimensions of Scots pine Norway spruce crowns, which are assumed affected by pressure. We extract features terrestrial laser scanning point clouds model their ...