objective(s):intermittent hypoxia (ih), caused by obstructive sleep apnea (osa), could cause hippocampus or neuron damage through multiple signaling pathways, while the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. thus, the present study aimed to explore the effect of ih on the biological functions of microglia cells. materials and methods:cell proliferation of bv2 cells after exposure to ih were o...

although the structure of human t lymphoptropic virus type i (htlv-i) has been known well, the function of some proteins encoded by htlv-i px region is not fully understood. furthermore, the responses of the immune system to htlv-i remain still unknown. most of htlv-i-infected individuals show a strong and persistently activated cytotoxic t-cell (ctl) response to the virus. the frequency of htl...

foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a severely contagious viral disease that mainly affects cloven-hoofedlivestock and wildlife. this study quantifies the cytokines mrna expression of vaccinated guinea pigs withfmd type o inactivated vaccine. blood samples were collected from eight guinea pigs at 7 and 28 days after thefirst vaccination. extracted mrnas were reverse-transcribed into cdna and analyz...

shiga toxins (stxs) are bacterial virulence factors produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and escherichia coli strains. stxs are critical factors for the development of diseases such as severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. additionally, stxs trigger the secretion of pro- inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly in monocytes or macrophages. the inflammatory cyto...

objective(s): yu-ping-feng-san (ypfs) is a classical traditional chinese medicine that is widely used for treatment of the diseases in respiratory systems, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) recognized as chronic inflammatory disease. however, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. here we detected the factors involved in transforming growth factor beta 1 (tgf-β1)/smad2 si...

results the administration of quercetin hydrate significantly reduced the concentration of il-13, pdgf-β, and tnf-α and increased the concentrations of inf-γ in balf. conclusions according to the experimental results, quercetin hydrate reduced the concentration of inflammatory fibrotic factors, such as il-13, pdgf-β, and tnf-α, and increased the level of the antifibrotic factor inf-γ, and the e...

Background: Repeated Implantation Failure (RIF) is one of the most intricate obstacles in assisted reproduction. The cytokine and chemokine composition of uterine cavity seem to play important roles in the implantation process. Objective: To compare the cytokine profile in the endometrium of normal fertile women and those with repeated implantation failure. Methods: After enzymatic digestion of...

Cytokines represent a diverse group of molecules that collectively exert a wide range of actions (1). The term cytokine is rather general, technically referring to a molecule made by one cell that acts on another, but cytokines are primarily growth factors and hormones of the immune and hematopoietic systems. The term broadly encompasses many of the interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (...

depression is a mental disorder that results from changes in the central nervous system (cns) that may result from immunological abnormalities. according to the world health organization, major depression will become the leading cause of disability worldwide. accumulating evidence has indicated the existence of reciprocal communication pathways between nervous, endocrine and immune systems. the...