Traditionally, vertical integration has concerned industrial economists only insofar as it affects market outcomes, particularly prices. This paper considers reverse causality, from prices – and more generally, from demand – to integration in a model of a dynamic oligopoly. If integration is costly but enhances productive efficiency, then a trend of rising prices and increasing integration coul...

Many clustering protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have been proposed in the literature. With only one exception so far [1], all these protocols are proactive, thus wasting bandwidth when their function is not currently needed. To reduce the signalling traffic load, reactive clustering may be employed. We have developed a clustering protocol named “OnDemand Group Mobility-Based Clust...

To e ectively parallelize real programs, parallelizing compilers need powerful symbolic analysis techniques [13, 6]. In previous work we have introduced an algorithm called range propagation [4] that provides such capabilities. Range propagation has been implemented in Polaris, a parallelizing Fortran compiler being developed at the University of Illinois [7]. Because the algorithm is relativel...

Many researchers have proposed programming languages that support incremental computation (IC), which allows programs to be efficiently re-executed after a small change to the input. However, existing implementations of such languages have two important drawbacks. First, recomputation is oblivious to specific demands on the program output; that is, if a program input changes, all dependencies w...

We discuss how to perform symbolic execution of large programs in a manner that is both compositional (hence more scalable) and demand-driven. Compositional symbolic execution means finding feasible interprocedural program paths by composing symbolic executions of feasible intraprocedural paths. By demand-driven, we mean that as few intraprocedural paths as possible are symbolically executed in...

abstract— data grids are an important branch of gird computing which provide mechanisms for the management of large volumes of distributed data. energy efficiency has recently emerged as a hot topic in large distributed systems. the development of computing systems is traditionally focused on performance improvements driven by the demand of client's applications in scientific and business ...

Size-dependent longitudinal and torsional vibrations of nano-beams are examined by two-phase mixture integral elasticity. A new and efficient elastodynamic model is conceived by convexly combining the local phase with strain- and stress-driven purely nonlocal phases. The proposed stress-driven nonlocal integral mixture leads to well-posed structural problems for any value of the scale parameter...

When the user input is first received by the erver, th system performs a string match comparing the user's answer to pre-stored answers. Each pre-stored answer is accompanied by a previously computed analysis for student model updates. Storing multiple answers allows for freer student input and, at an introductory level, involves little extra work. At an advanced level where exercises become ev...

the principle of legality is a fundamental principle of criminal law within all statutory legal systems. the principle has been recognized in the iranian legal system which has been influenced by islamic law as well as french law especially since the beginning of the codification era. conversely, in english law which is mainly defined by common law, recently have been taken significant steps to...