In smart card domain, attacks and countermeasures are advancing at a fast rate. In order to have a generic view of all the attacks, we propose to use a Fault Tree Analysis. This method used in safety analysis helps to understand and implement all the desirable and undesirable events existing in this domain. We apply this method to Java Card vulnerability analysis. We define the properties that ...

Conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models normally assume all inputs and outputs are real valued and continuous. However in problems some inputs and outputs can only take integer values, also, both desirable and undesirable outputs can be generated . In this paper the effect of undesirable outputs in integer DEA model is discussed. The proposed model distinguishes weak disposability o...

recently, lotfi et al. [10] established an equivalence model between the output-oriented dual ccr model and multiple objective linear programming (molp) and used an interactive method for finding target unit on efficiency frontier such that the decision maker preferences can be taken into account. however their method is not applicable for situations in which some outputs are undesirable and ne...

BACKGROUND Healthy older adults report greater well-being and life satisfaction than their younger counterparts. One potential explanation for this is enhanced optimism. We tested the influence of age on optimistic and pessimistic beliefs about the future and the associated structural neural correlates. METHOD Eighteen young and 18 healthy older adults performed a belief updating paradigm, me...

Congestion is an important issue that requires the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs). We first classify conventional congestion into congestion (newly defined) and technical inefficiency, based on prior research and real applications. Modified definitions and mathematical expression of congestion, managerial inefficiency, and technical inefficiency are proposed to better illustrate the...