institutional synergy in urban management, as a collective feature is the byproduct of inter and intra institutional activities of urban organizations. it is consider gregarious action and as managerial phenomenon with feature of trust, participation. cooperation engagement, facilitation, mutual recognition and the network. this article scrutiny the capacity of inters intuitional synergy in urb...

as long as the government in the concept of urban management plays the role of “direct provider” instead of “facilitator” to improve the life’s welfare level and provide a situation for poor societies and particularly informal settlements, its sole result is the increase in the number of open mouths that their dependence on government enlarges per day. therefore the investigation of different g...

Informal settlements are a common feature of developing countries. In South Africa the improvement of living conditions in these settlements and the upgrading to formal housing types are regarded as being of central importance to the nation’s development. Effective settlement improvement and upgrading activities, which we here term “management”, require adequate spatial data. To date, the acqui...

This article identifies problems with regard to providing criteria that regulate the matching of logical formulae and natural language. We then take on to solve these problems by defining a necessary and sufficient criterion of adequate formalization. On the basis of this criterion we argue that logic should not be seen as an ars iudicandi capable of evaluating the validity or invalidity of inf...

This paper forms one part of the CIB funded research on “Understanding the interface between the environment and sustainable livelihoods in the integration of informal settlements in Asia, Latin America and Africa: a review of current thinking and practice”. The African continent is rich in its diversity of forms of informal settlement. This paper covers the sub-Saharan region. It is acknowledg...

Generalization of topographic maps is a very challenging problem for map producers. Therefore, NMAs are intensively working on the matter in order to make it automated as much as possible for their production requirements. In this paper, we present a case study for automated generalization of buildings and settlement areas in Turkish topographic maps from 1:25K to 1:50K, which is implemented in...

In the Pacific island region, the progress towards achieving the global Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target 7D, improving the lives of a hundred million slum dwellers, is fraught with many challenges. Out of all the MDG targets, minimal support has been provided to improving the quality of life of residents living in squatter and informal settlements in Pacific towns and cities. In this co...