Annotation. Edema and swelling of the brain are two stages development complex interrelated processes in substance. This pathological process occurs due to various etiological factors: injury, stroke, tumors abscesses, meningitis encephalitis, hypoxia, general toxicosis, infectious processes, body burns, occlusive hydrocephalus, malignant hypertension, osmotic imbalance. That is why purpose thi...

introduction : lateral osteotomy is a major part of rhinoplasty for remodeling external facet of the nose and narrowing of nasal base and dorsum after removal of the hump with the edema and ecchymosis being the major sequels of the operation. the present study compared post-operative edema and ecchymosis and mucosa tears between internal and external osteotomy techniques. materials and methods ...