although the word of “money laundering” isn’t very old in world literature, but attempted money laundering has a long history a long side with trade and commerce, as it always has been told. money laundering is a process that the incomes of criminal acts enter to the economic cycle and will purify dirty income. therefore, we can say launderers are actually committed two offenses, primaril...

Money laundering is among the most common financial crimes that negatively affect countries' economies and hurt their social and political relations. With the increasing growth of e-banking and the increase in electronic financial transactions, the identification of money laundering methods and behaviors has become more complex; because money launderers, by accessing the Internet and using new ...

Electronic money (hereafter e-money) is recently developed phenomenon, and its technical, legal, economic and cultural components are not completely developed yet. In both aspects a great number of attempts are being developed and tested in different stages, in different legislations. Even though getting widespread attention, emoney has not gained enough acceptances because of the hesitation wh...

This paper explores some of the legal and practical issues related to the implementation of electronic money placed in smart cards as a viable online payment system. This is a subject of particular importance as many there are many hopes from the financial industry about the implementation of an electronic currency system will create a great method for small transactions, both online and offline.

The Electronic Money Directives of the European Union, concerned with the regulation and prudential supervision of electronic money institutions, have now been implemented in the United Kingdom. The implementing provisions are found in a number of disparate legislative instruments. This article identifies the various legislative instruments concerned and articulates the key elements of the regu...

In 1999 the directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council was enacted, providing a legal framework for a common introduction of electronic signatures in Europe. So far the signature market has failed miserably. Mobile electronic signatures could be a potential and promising way to increase the market acceptance of electronic signatures. In this contribution we used an infra...

Money is an information system to value, record, and track economic transactions. It is an information system with minimal semantics and centralized control. Consequently, the monetary system fails to support many transactions directly, but requires intermediaries such as banks, brokers, insurance companies, credit card companies, and investment firms, increasing transaction costs greatly. Sema...

OBJECTIVES Health information technology, especially electronic health records (EHRs), can be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare providers. This study assessed the cost-savings of incorporating a list of preferred specialty care providers into the EHRs used by all primary care physicians (PCPs), accompanied by a comprehensive implementation plan. METHODS On January...