The infection of bacterial organisms generally causes cell death to facilitate microbial invasion and immune escape, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. In addition to the intercellular infectious processes, pathogen-produced/secreted enterotoxins (mostly exotoxins) are the major weapons that kill host cells and cause diseases by inducing different types of ce...

In this study, the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus strains (n = 574) isolated from raw milk samples (n = 140) was determined for their capacity to produce staphylococcal enterotoxins. In addition, the relationship between the presence of enterotoxins, coagulase, and thermonuclease (Tnase) was assessed. The results showed that 19% of Staphylococcus was enterotoxigenic, being able to ...

Ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins preformed by Staphylococcus aureus in food leads to staphylococcal food poisoning, the most prevalent foodborne intoxication worldwide. There are five major staphylococcal enterotoxins: SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. While variants of these toxins have been described and were linked to specific hosts or levels or enterotoxin production, data on sequence va...

LT-IIa and LT-IIb, the type II heat-labile enterotoxins of Escherichia coli, are closely related in structure and function to cholera toxin and LT-I, the type I heat-labile enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and E. coli, respectively. Recent studies from our group demonstrated that LT-IIa and LT-IIb are potent systemic and mucosal adjuvants. To determine whether binding of LT-IIa and LT-IIb to the...

The type II heat-labile enterotoxins, LT-IIa and LT-IIb, exhibit potent adjuvant properties. However, little is known about their immunomodulatory activities upon interaction with innate immune cells, unlike the widely studied type I enterotoxins that include cholera toxin (CT). We therefore investigated interactions of LT-IIa and LT-IIb with human monocytic THP-1 cells. We found that LT-II ent...

In October 2012, two persons fell ill with symptoms consistent with staphylococcal food poisoning after eating home-canned tuna fish and tomatoes. Laboratory investigation detected the enterotoxins in the home-canned tuna and molecular analysis of the isolated Staphylococcus aureus confirmed it carried toxin genes. Qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzime linked fluorescent assa...

Staphylococcal enterotoxins are a family of structurally related proteins that are produced by Staphylococcus aureus. In addition to their role in the pathogenicity of food poisoning, these microbial superantigens have profound effects on the immune system, which makes them useful tools for understanding its mechanism of action. These molecules (24-30 kDa) are highly hydrophilic and exhibit low...

the other two agents in improving stool consistency and relieving urgency (Palmer et al., 1980). Side effects. Diphenoxylate causes more side effects than either codeine phosphate or loperamide. Both codeine and diphenoxylate cross the blood-brain barrier and may cause central-nervous-system side effects such as nausea, dizziness, drowsiness and depression. Loperamide does not usually cross the...

The enterotoxins produced by Aeromonas hydrophila were examined for biological activity by the rabbit ileal loop and suckling mouse assays, as well as by elongation of CHO cells. Antigenic evaluation of the culture filtrates from various isolates of A. hydrophila was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with anti-cholera toxin and anti-Aeromonas enterotoxin. Heat stability data demons...

Eighty-seven strains of Staphylococcus aureus were examined for their ability to produce enterotoxins A, B, and C, deoxyribonuclease, lysozyme, proteinase, lipase, and alpha-, beta-, and delta-hemolysins. Enterotoxigenic strains showed a significant tendency to be high lipase producers, but none of the other enzymes formed were correlated with the ability of the staphylococci to produce enterot...