I present a theory of optimal multilateral trade agreements with public political shocks. I show that “forbearance” where one country withholds retaliation when its trading partner receives a shock is a feature of an optimal agreement. This provides a rationale for countries not acting on retaliatory rights granted under GATT. I show that there is a limit to forbearance allowable in a self-enfo...

This article is illustrated with reference to health services in the Tokyo Prefecture. It seeks to describe the role of government in the organisation and provision of health services in Japan. It is based on experiences gained from a three-month placement at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Public Health in late 1994. Wherever possible the article identifies similarities and differe...

The aim of this study is to define and introduce the variable of export entrepreneurship and factors affecting it in a global export-centric model. However, we seek to find the effect of the variables of export entrepreneurship and export market orientation‎ on export performance. To test the research hypotheses, a sample of 296 people employed in food and agricultural products company located ...

Among agricultural products in Iran, pistachio is one of the major export products that can produce foreign currency. The present study evaluated factors affecting pistachio export earnings instability and its effect on agricultural export during the studied period. For this purpose, export earnings instability index was calculated using "average absolute difference between export earnings and ...

The losses and risks for Ukraine’s agricultural exports caused by the blockade of Ukrainian seaports Russian armed forces are assessed, ways partial recovery export in conditions hostilities post-war revival markets substantiated. consequences war grain market determined. It is established that Ukraine lost opportunity to almost a quarter volume intended 2021/22 marketing year. This situation p...

Agriculture contributes to the economy, provides employment, export revenue earnings and poverty eradication. Although huge capital investment is usually involved, however, a crisis in sector capable of crippling nation.
 depends heavily on nature because unpredictability nature, lot natural disasters taking investors out business are associated with farming.
 Agricultural risks multi...