BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking is a major cause of preventable disease and death worldwide. Kreteks are clove-flavored cigarettes made from a combination of tobacco and ground-clove mixed with a sauce, smoked widely in Indonesia. Because health and social consequences of kretek smoking are potentially as great as those of traditional cigarettes, this study examines the prevalence of kretek smoking ...

Using the tenets underlying social identity theory and of planned behavior, current study compared perceptions, attitudes, behaviors e-cigarette users that reported vaping as self-defining (“vapers”) to denied was central their ("non-vapers"). Secondary analyses data from 2017–2018 California Student Tobacco Survey were utilized. A weighted, multivariable regression model (N = 82,217) demograph...

Yogurt is the most important fermented dairy product. However, its per capita consumption in Iran is low. Production of flavored yogurt to create a variety of products can cause customer satisfaction and increase in per capita consumption. Flavored yogurt at three levels: 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 were prepared by adding Zoulang aqueous extract. The systems were prepared by following a factorial design,...

Tobacco products are very addictive, partly because they contain nicotine which is reinforcing, but also include appealing aromas and tastes. Flavor additives such sensory stimuli enhance attractiveness, as well use abuse of tobacco vaping products. Yet, the interaction between these flavor remains poorly understood. We want to understand how flavors may reduce nicotine’ aversive taste it its v...

background: chewing sugar-free gums is a convenient way to increase salivary flow. salivary flow increases in response to both gustatory (taste) and mechanical (chewing) stimuli, and chewing gum can provide both of these stimuli. the aim of this study was to compare the effect of five different flavors of sugar-free chewing gum on the salivary flow rate (sfr) and ph. materials and methods: fift...

INTRODUCTION Many e-cigarette users find the variety of e-cigarette flavors appealing. We examined whether preferences for e-liquid flavors and the total number of flavors preferred differed between samples of adolescent and adult e-cigarette users. We also examined whether these preferences were associated with e-cigarette use frequency for adolescents or adults, respectively. MATERIALS AND ...