Evaluation of skeletal muscle tolerance during development of new drug formulations for i.m. use is most often based on terminal methods performed in the target species after slaughtering. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of muscle damage on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug delivered into the muscle using an alternative, noninvasive method. Phenylbutazone (PBZ) w...

In this study, we derive sensitivity equations for the problem of optimization-based motion prediction of a mechanical system using the inverse recursive Lagrangian formulation. The simulation and sensitivity formulations are based on Denavit–Hartenberg transformation matrices. External forces and moments are taken into account in the formulation. The sensitivity information is needed in the op...

BACKGROUND Generic antiretroviral therapy is the mainstay of HIV treatment in resource-limited settings, yet there is little evidence confirming the bioequivalence of generic and brand name formulations. We compared the steady-state pharmacokinetics of lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine in HIV-infected subjects who were receiving a generic formulation (Triomune) or the corresponding brand for...

OBJECTIVE Current extended-release (ER) formulations of psychostimulants used for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) provide an extended duration of ADHD symptom control; however, the onset of efficacy can be protracted and variable, leaving the early morning untreated. The primary objective was to characterize the single-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of HLD20...

double emulsion solvent evaporation technique is one of the most attractive methods used to prepare micro and nanoparticles in pharmaceutical areas of interest, but because of the effects of many formulation factors on the size and release behavior of the fabricated particles, optimization of the formulation factors is needed. in this study various parameters including technical and composition...

Fundamentals of the three-dimensional spatial harmonic analysis (SHA) approach are reviewed, and the advantages of a fast-converging formulation versus the initial SHA formulation are emphasized with examples using periodic plasmonic nanostructures. First, two independent parallel versions of both formulations are implemented using the scattering matrix algorithm for multilayer cascading. Then,...

This paper presents a dual quaternion methodology for the kinematic synthesis of constrained robotic systems. These systems are constructed from one or more serial chains such that each chain imposes at least one constraint on the movement of the workpiece. Serial chains that have constrained workspaces can be synthesized by evaluating the kinematics equations of the chain on a finite set of ta...

In the present research, the elastic buckling of composite cross-ply elliptical cylindrical shells under axial compression is studied through finite element approach. The formulation is based on shear deformation theory and the serendipity quadrilateral eight-node element is used to study the elastic behavior of elliptical cylindrical shells. The strain-displacement relations are accurately acc...