The bronze pendant in question the form of a fine shield was discovered south-­western Crimea, vicinity mediaeval Cherson. Its front side depicts holy rider piercing demon with cross; first words Psalm 90 (according to Orthodox Bible numeration) are engraved on back. image horse-­rider spear daemon laying below legs his horse is one most popular apotropaic scenes. It appeared amulets Late Roman...

BACKGROUND The use of tack (equipment such as saddles and reins) and especially of bits because of rein tension resulting in pressure in the mouth is questioned because of welfare concerns. We hypothesised that rein tension patterns in walk and trot reflect general gait kinematics, but are also determined by individual horse and rider effects. Six professional riders rode three familiar horses ...

Horse riding (HR) is a sport harmonized with rider and horse. HR is renowned as an effective sport for young and old women and men. There is rare study regarding comparison between elite horse riders and amateurs. We aimed to investigate comprehensive ranges of parameters such as change of lactate, heart rate, calorie, VO2max, skeletal muscle mass, body water, body fat, etc between amateurs and...

In this study, we assessed indoor horse riding exercise's effects on basal physical exercise and activities of daily living (ADL) function using horse riding equipment, involving elderly test subjects (in their sixties). The participants were 20 people with no impediment to activity. They participated in experiments that lasted 60 min per day, 3 days per week, over 8 weeks, using the "SRider" (...

Successful identification, management, and prevention of injuries in sports horses requires a thorough understanding of the demands of each sport and the ways in which injury may be manifested. It is essential to be able to communicate with the client (be it the owner, the rider, or the trainer), which means understanding the terminology (or jargon) that goes with the sport. It is important to ...

The effect of riders at two different levels of riding ability on the mean heart rates (HR) of school horses at the trot was studied. Five horses were each paired with a beginner (n=4) and an intermediate (n=5) rider, and the mean HR generated by the two riders at the trot were compared for each horse. There was a significant (p

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The exact relationship between the saddle pressure pattern during one stride cycle and the movements of horse and rider at the walk are poorly understood and have never been investigated in detail. HYPOTHESIS The movements of rider and horse account for the force distribution pattern under the saddle. METHOD Vertical ground reaction forces (GRF), kinematics of h...

Have a look at the image in Fig. 1.1(a) (taken from [29]) and don’t read any further until you recognize the object(s) in the scene. For most people, the image of a horse and rider quickly emerges. This is remarkable considering that each individual black fragment is practically meaningless in terms of its indexing power to suggest a horse or rider (or any object, for that matter). Only when th...

The aim of this study was to investigate rider muscle activity in relation to horse movement. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of 12 upper-body muscles was recorded simultaneously with the horse’s footfall timing for six riders, riding the same horse at trot. Data for five strides were analysed for each rider. Rectus abdominis, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, flexor carpi radialis, biceps br...