Abstract The pathophysiology of COVID comprises an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has a crucial role in various inflammatory conditions and modulated immunological Limited evidence is available regarding the incidence effect HPA dysfunction COVID-19. Although cortisol levels have only been estimated few studies, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (D...

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are disorders characterized by progressive deterioration of brain structure and function. Selective neuronal populations are affected leading to symptoms which are prominently motor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Huntington's disease (HD), or cognitive in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and fronto-temporal dementia (FTD). Besides the common existence of neu...

Several lines of evidence suggest that interleukin-1 (IL-1) acts directly on the central nervous system, probably within the hypothalamus, causing effects such as fever, activation of the immune response and sickness behaviour. IL-1 has also been shown to be involved in the aetiology of several neuronal diseases, including neurodegeneration, stroke and Alzheimer's disease. However, the question...

Approximately 45 million people worldwide are diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD). While there many known risk factors and models of the pathologic processes influencing BD, exact neurologic underpinnings BD unknown. We attempt to integrate existing literature create a unifying hypothesis regarding pathophysiology hope that concrete model may potentially facilitate more specific diagnosis, pre...

Cholelithiasis is the commonest diseases of Gall bladder which remains asymptomatic and often an incidental finding presents as Right upper Quadrant pain, yellow coloured urine, jaundice or Clay stools. The incidence more among women when compared to men due influence Estrogen Progestrone fluctuations. increase also associated with Polycystic Ovarian disease leading Irregular cycles. Homeopathi...

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in regulating and controlling immune responses. Dysfunction of the HPA axis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other rheumatic diseases. The impact of glucocorticoid (GC) therapy on HPA axis function also remains a matter of concern, particularly for longer treatment duration. Knowledge o...

A 13-year-old boy who maintains his body temperature between 33 and 35 degrees C was investigated. Tests of peripheral and central thermoregulatory function did not show a specific abnormality, except for some generalised hypothalamic dysfunction of unknown aetiology. He responded appropriated when his temperature was altered from its usual low level. His temperature regulatory mechanisms appea...

Oxidative stress is a major cause of neurodegenerative diseases, so the protection of neuronal cells from reactive oxygen species can be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Methanol extract of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger (Crassulaceae), a traditional oriental medical herb, was shown to have a protective effect on H2O2-induced apoptosis in GT1-1 mouse hypothalamic n...