This paper establishes two theoretical frameworks in the study of economic development. These are constitutional analysis and interdisciplinary perspective. This study acknowledges that the economists are the ones to blame for lost of the underdevelopment in many parts of the world. These two theoretical frameworks are part of an individualistic methodology. The paper first, discusses individua...

Expended Abstract Introduction: In recent decades, the pattern of consumption and attention to the social and cultural dimensions of consumer behavior has attracted the attention of many of the proprietors of social sciences and cultural studies. In this regard, in the contemporary period, a new phenomenon has emerged that consumption is not needed, rather, is due to other factors such as the ...

Expended Abstract Introduction: In recent decades, the pattern of consumption and attention to the social and cultural dimensions of consumer behavior has attracted the attention of many of the proprietors of social sciences and cultural studies. In this regard, in the contemporary period, a new phenomenon has emerged that consumption is not needed, rather, is due to other factors such as the ...

phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...