introduction: nitric oxide (no) is a neuronal messenger molecule in the central nervous system, which is generated from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (nos) and involves in many important opioid-induced effects. our previous studies revealed that cuminum cyminum interestingly reduces morphine sensitization, tolerance and dependency in male mice. therefore, in the present study, the effect ...

Introduction: For centuries, cannabinoids are known to be effective in pain relief. Itch is an unpleasant sensation that provokes a desire to scratch. Since itch and pain are two sensations sharing a lot in common, we aimed to investigate whether the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 reduces serotonin-induced scratching behavior and also observe whether modulation of nitric oxide (NO) production...

In the present study the effects of both CCK receptor agonists and antagonists on antinociception induced by morphine in the tail-flick test have been evaluated. M orphine induced dose-dependent antinociception in mice. The response of morphine was potentiated by sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8S) but not by unsulfated cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8U). The CCK receptor antagonists MK-329 and L-...

background: fish have been at high risk of atrazine toxicity. comparative atrazine toxicity on the tissues of clarias gariepinus is scanty. therefore, acute and chronic effects of atrazine on some biochemical parameters in clarias gariepinus were investigated in this study. methods: atrazine toxicity was determined by assessing the responses of glucose, protein, alanine aminotransferase (alt), ...

background: lippia citriodora kunth is one of the iranian traditional medicines for the treatment of convulsive disorders. the goal of this study is to investigate the anticonvulsant activity of the plant’s leave ethanolic extract against electro‑ and chemoconvulsant‑induced seizures in mice. methods: the anticonvulsant activity of the extract (200, 400, 800 mg/kg, per os, p.o.) was investigate...

rhododendron dauricum l. is an ancient chinese traditional herb. the pharmacological effects of r. dauricum extract have been shown in chronic tracheitis. the aim of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of rhododendron dauricum l. flavonoids (rf) on rats and its mechanisms. this study was performed in isolated vascular rings and a rat model of myocardial infarction and isola...