OBJECTIVE To seek evidence for causative secondary changes in extraocular muscle volume, cross-sectional area, and contractility in superior oblique (SO) palsy using magnetic resonance imaging, given that vertical deviations in SO palsy greatly exceed those explained by loss of SO vertical action alone. METHODS High-resolution, quasi-coronal orbital magnetic resonance images in target-control...

The selectivity of axonal regeneration to the extraocular muscles in teleosts has been reinvestigated by mapping, with retrogradely transported HRP, the motor pools of the muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve. In normal goldfish, the motoneurons of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles formed discrete, nonoverlapping motor pools; the motor pool of the medial r...

PURPOSE This study was undertaken to investigate evidence for a connective tissue pulley constraining the path of the inferior oblique (IO) muscle. METHODS From magnetic resonance images, the cross-sectional area, path, and orbital relationships of the human IO were determined in multiple gaze positions. Rectus pulleys were directly imaged with intravenous gadodiamide contrast. Images were co...

purpose : to evaluate the results of anterior and nasal transposition (ant) of the inferior oblique muscle (io) in patients with the io muscle overaction methods : this retrospective case series included patients with io muscles overaction, in whom ant of the io muscle was performed. in patient with simultaneous horizontal deviation, horizontal strabismus surgery was also performed. they were e...

INTRODUCTION Endoscopic surgical techniques improve the surgeon's view of sinus structures but are subject to extraocular muscle complications that cause permanent diplopia. METHODS A series of 15 patients with strabismus following endoscopic sinus surgery was reviewed retrospectively to characterize the type of muscle injury and report the results of surgical correction. RESULTS A variety ...

Purpose To analyze in a frontal-eyed mammal (cat) the postnatal development of palisade endings in extraocular muscles (EOMs) and to compare the spatiotemporal and quantitative patterns of palisade endings among individual rectus muscles. Methods Cats of different ages ranging from birth to adult stage were studied. EOM whole-mount preparations were fluorescently labeled using six combination...

of elevation, fixation was eccentric, and there were nystagmoid movements in this eye. There was slight ptosis, the left interpalpebral fissure being 9 mm. at its highest point and the right 10 mm. The action of the levator palpebrae superioris was good. There was marked secondary contracture of the inferior rectus muscle. Operative intervention was carried out in two stages with a five-week in...