CI [1]'s work on Access to Knowledge (A2K [2]) is predicated upon the fact that intellectual property rights (IPRs) are a consumer issue, not just an issue for business. For example, the expansion of the scope and enforcement of intellectual property rights at the behest of rights holders impacts on consumers by inhibiting the sharing and development of culture, by denying consumers the freedom...

This paper studies the spatial patterns and the determinants of intellectual property rights (IPRs). I ̄nd evidence of spatial correlation in the strength of IPRs provided by di®erent countries. This spatial association persists after controlling for domestic socio-political and economic variables that can a®ect the choice of IPRs and which could potentially be correlated in space. A possible e...

This paper examines the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and the growth rate of per capita GDP during the period 1996-2006 in a sample 71 countries. Using software piracy data as a proxy for IPR violations, we find that countries with increasing rates of software piracy have lower growth rates. We also find that states with strong commitments to enact policies to protect...

Biological innovations in agriculture did not enjoy protection by formal intellectual property rights (IPRs) for a long time, but the recent trend has been one of considerable broadening and strengthening of these rights. We document the nature of these IPRs and their evolution, and provide an assessment of their impacts on innovation. We integrate elements of the institutional history of plant...

with the emergence of new legal regimes such as intellectual property rights, new complexities in the process of determination of applicable law are involved in private international law. the dilution of physical center of gravity for disputes related to intellectual property rights and the effects of utilitarianism in law with an emphasis on public interest has led to the adoption of new metho...

The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) has been active in the field of intellectual property since 1997, amongst others, through its Programme on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and Sustainable Development. One central objective of the Programme has been to facilitate the emergence of a critical mass of well informed stakeholders in developing countries inclu...

at avoid violating the intellectual property rights of criminal policy aimed atmaintaining the original sarfkry including scientific , literary, artistic , scientificand literary alleged theft of public telecommunications law in 1304 officiallystarted. but more important than protecting the rights , property types andprinciples of its formation , validity, legitimacy and credibility of the syst...