integrated urban management means adopting a holistic approach to urban management and designing appropriate mechanisms for this approach’s requirements in practice. the integration of the urban activities brings together organizational , structural and institutional activities and action in which the urban development is supported. in order to achieve integration, it is essential to identify f...

in this study, one basic question will be answered: why were women officially considered being the subject of policy making decisions in reza khan era? the answer should be found in the particular logic of the discourse of that time which was “archeological nationalism”. the discourse is based on racist theory and understands social and cultural issues on the same basis. during the gap emerged ...

Foresight has evolved as a distinct prospective analytical tool: it considers alternative futures of various S&T fields or socio-economic systems by bringing together the perspectives of various stakeholder groups, and thus assists the decision-making processes at different levels. However, in order to avoid hypes — and subsequent disappointments — about what foresight can deliver, the potentia...

identification of the factors causing change in policy process plays an important role in implementing healthy policy process. narrative policy framework introduces new concepts and tools to identify the factors causing policy change. one of the important variables in narrative policy framework is narrative structure. narrative structure has so many elements which the main one is plot. plot lin...

abstractabstract in this paper, the role and impact of the interest groups particularly protective internal one upon public policy making for business environment is studied through analytical comparative method. firstly, definition and different types of the interest groups are introduced in brief. interest groups in this articles refer to those kinds of groups which try to influence upon publ...

Over the past decades, a large body of research in fields such as knowledge utilization, evidencebased policy making, or epistemic communities, has been addressing the conditions under which expert advice can play a role in policy design. This research has been successful in exploring the complex role of expertise in the policy process and has produced a number of hypotheses relating to institu...

Policy capacity focuses on the managerial and organizational abilities to inform policy decisions with sound research and analysis, and facilitate policy implementation with operational efficiency. It stems from a view of the policy process that is rational and positivistic, in which optimal policy choices can be identified, selected, and implemented with objectivity. By itself, however, policy...

background health policies are important instruments for improving population health. however, experience suggests that policies designed for the whole population do not always benefit the most vulnerable. participation of vulnerable groups in the policy-making process provides an opportunity for them to influence decisions related to their health, and also to exercise their rights. this paper ...