The major locus for dominant preaxial polydactyly in humans has been mapped to 7q36. In mice the dominant Hemimelic extra toes (Hx) and Hammertoe (Hm) mutations map to a homologous chromosomal region and cause similar limb defects. The Lmbr1 gene is entirely within the small critical intervals recently defined for both the mouse and human mutations and is misexpressed at the exact time that the...

Sulfur Mustard (SM) has been used as a chemical warfare agent, in the World War I and more recently during Iraq-Iran war in early 1980s’. Its biological poisoning effect could be local or systemic and its effect depends on environmental conditions, exposed organs, and the extent and duration of exposure. It is considered as a strong alkylating agent with known mutagenic, carcinogenic effects; a...

BACKGROUND Case reports suggest that long-term, high-dose fluconazole treatment for severe fungal infections during pregnancy causes a pattern of birth defects. It is unclear whether commonly used lower doses increase the risk of specific birth defects. METHODS In a registry-based cohort of liveborn infants in Denmark, we evaluated first-trimester oral fluconazole exposure and the risk of bir...

the oromandibular-limb hypogenesis syndrome comprises a group of anomalies which simultaneously affect the mandible, tongue, and maxilla with or without reductive limb anomalies. it is characterized by failure of development of the intraoral region and distal extremities. multiple and variable deformities of the mandible, maxilla and tongue may occur in combination with a variety of limb defect...