Of all congenital anomalies, limb reduction defects maintain a high profile with the public. In the early 1960s, high rates of limb reductions were associated with expectant mothers taking the drug thalidomide. As a result of this, congenital anomaly surveillance systems were established to try and prevent further such episodes. In the late 1980s limb reductions were found to be associated with...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that children born to mothers living near the sea are at increased risk of limb reduction defects. DESIGN Descriptive data analysis. SETTING The northern health region of England. PATIENTS All children born between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 1992 in the northern region of England with isolated limb reduction defects. MAIN RESULTS The birth prev...

The birth of a child with a reduction limb defect (RLD) was evaluated in relation to vaginal bleeding, threatened abortion, and other complications of pregnancy, placental weight, birth weight, family history, parental age, and the outcome of previous pregnancies. The material consisted of 453 cases of reduction limb defect and an equal number of non-malformed controls matched for time and plac...

to determine easily identifiable congenital anomalies (ca) prevalence and risk factors in the first 24 hours of life in a cross-sectional study we assessed 2291 live born neonates at four teaching hospitals from september 1999 until march 2000 in the south of tehran. data were collected by a structured form which contained neonatal characters including sex, gestational age, birth weight, histor...

we have produced a spectrum of limb defects in developing mouse embryos by exposing the mother to smoke from cigarettes with different nicotine concentrations, ethanol, and a combination of ethanol and cigarette smoke. the critical time of exposure was determined to be during day 10 of gestation (vaginal plug=day 0). this time is prior to the critical events which occur between the apical ectod...