Knowledge-based machine translation can be viewed as the problem of extracting and representing the meaning of a text and generating a translation in a target language using the meaning representation. Meaning extraction requires the integration of information present explicitly in a text with common sense and domain knowledge given to the system. Thus, integrating linguistic knowledge of each ...

This paper first summarizes some phonetic observations that challenge theories of speech perception and speech understanding which assume the speech signal is converted to an abstract form, such as features or phonemes, before it can be understood, and that ‘knowledge-driven’ processes are largely ‘top down’ rather than signal-driven. Systematic variation in fine phonetic detail is shown to ind...

The paper considers indexing an activity which deals with linguistic entities. It rests on the assumption that a theory of indexing should be based on a philosophy of language, because indexing is concerned with the linguistic representation of meaning. The paper consists of four sections: It begins with some basic considerations on the nature of indexing and the requirements of a theory on thi...

Can there be rules of language which serve both to determine meaning and to guide speakers in ordinary linguistic usage, i.e. in the production of speech acts? We argue that the answer is no. We take the guiding function of rules to be the function of serving as reasons for actions, and the question of guidance is then considered within the framework of practical reasoning. It turns out that th...

Double R Grammar is a linguistic theory of the grammatical encoding and integration of referential and relational meaning in English. Double R Grammar is fundamentally a Cognitive Linguistic theory (Langacker, 1987, 1991; Lakoff, 1988; Talmy, 2003) and the use of the term “grammar” encompasses both meaning and structure as it does in Cognitive Grammar (also known as Cognitive Semantics). Gramma...

This review piece looks at how children acquire various elements of linguistic meaning. It considers issues in the acquisition of word meaning, argument structure, tense and aspect, and quantification and scope. For each of these areas, it considers the problems they pose for the acquisition process in general, reviews basic findings from the field of acquisition, and identifies outstanding que...

There are some different viewpoints on the verse 41 in chapter Anfal of the Holy Quran that it is necessary to have one fifth of spoil to different incomes. The main reasons for these different viewpoints are the interest meaning of ‘spoil’. Not only referring to dictionaries, but also linguistic principles have not an effect on determine the meaning of ‘spoil’ in (8: 41...

Semantics is a part of linguistic by which it can be analyzed the meaning of the words and sentences of a text and identified the part of speech with regard to semantics. This is a descriptive-analytic research and it deals with studying the meaning of ‘promise’ in the Holy Quran based on principles of semantics with a collocation approach by library methodology. Also, by virtue of ...

Language plays a pervasive role in our day-to-day experience and is likely to have an effect on other non-linguistic aspects of life. At the same time, language is itself constrained by the world. In this paper we study this interaction using Playpen, a connectionist model of the acquisition of word meaning. We argue that the interaction between linguistic and non-linguistic categories depends ...

Dual factor theories of meaning are fatally flawed in at least two ways. First, their very duality constitutes a problem: the two dimensions of meaning (reference and conceptual role) cannot be treated as totally orthogonal without compromising the intuition that much of our linguistic and non linguistic behavior is based on the cognizer's interaction with the world. Second, Conceptual Role Sem...