Tarihsel koşullar içerisinde belirginleşmiş bir İslami birlik söylemine göre tevhit sadece Allah’ın birliğinin ifadesi değil ümmetin birleştirici ve düzenleyici ilkesi olarak toplumsal modeldir. İslam’ın ilgili teorik öğretilerine yaslanmakla birlikte tarihsel bu söylem, tevhidi inanç ortaklığına dini statü kazandıran ilke, ümmeti de statünün nesne ayırt ederek, inşa edip kurmaya yönelir. İlk b...

‎In this paper, we present a two-stage model for ranking of decision making units (DMUs) using interval analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Since the efficiency score of unity is assigned to the efficient units, we evaluate the efficiency of each DMU by basic DEA models and calculate the weights of the criteria using proposed model. In the first stage, the proposed model evaluates decision making...

this article clarifies the importance of listening and speaking in language development. both represent two of the most difficult components of english language fores/ (eglish as a second language) learners to acquire listening comprehension is central to second lani,r,uge aquisition. it also appears to be crucially important for advanced level learners. the main aspect of speaking is communica...

We investigate how vertical unity within a community interacts with horizontal class divisions of an unequal income distribution. Community is conceptualized in terms of a public good to which all those in the community have equal access, but from which outsiders are excluded. We formulate the idea of redistributive tension, or class antagonism, in terms of the costs that poorer individuals wou...