INTRODUCTION Previously, botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) (Botox; Allergan, Irvine, Calif) was shown to be effective in reducing excessive gingival display in 5 patients with gummy smiles. This study was conducted to determine whether the doses and the primary injection sites used in the pilot study for the correction of gummy smiles provide consistent, statistically significant, and esthetically...

A 47-year-old Japanese male noticed an erosive lesion on his left lower lip margin in February 1995. Treatment with a corticosteroid ointment gave no improvement. In March 1995, he also noticed a keratotic lesion on his left shoulder; the keratotic mass sometimes fell off, resulting in an erosive lesion, which then became keratotic again. Prior to the lesions, no bulla had been formed. When exa...

BACKGROUND Vermilion irregularities are common secondary deformities after cleft lip repair, regressed or resected hemangiomas, trauma and tumor surgeries. Vermilion deficiency attracts considerable attention and detracts from an otherwise excellent lip repair. Minor and moderate vermilion defects can be corrected with upper lip advancement, rotation flaps, tongue flaps or grafts. Major defect...

The trapezius muscle originates on the occipital bone, nuchal ligament, spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) and all of the thoracic vertebrae (Figure 1). It has three parts. The superior portion (descending fibers) terminates on the posterior margin and superior side of the lateral third of the clavicle. The transverse portion (middle fibers) terminates on the medial margin of the...

background: lip carcinoma is a common cancer with a good prognosis and when patients refer early in the course of disease the results of treatment are acceptable. surgical procedures for reconstruction of lip defects are the use of remaining lip tissue, tissue from the opposite lip, adjacent cheek tissue, distant flaps and microvascular free flaps. the bitemporal (visor) flap is a regional flap...

congenital double lip anomaly is an infrequent developmental abnormality affecting the lips, more commonly the upper lip. 5 cases of double lip are being reported for the first time from iran and all confined to the upper lip. a new surgical excision is being introduced which is called transverse cupid bow-like elliptical incision. the previous traditional method was a simple elliptical excisio...

Frenal attachments are thin folds of mucous membrane with enclosed muscle fibers that attach the lips to the alveolar mucosa and underlying periosteum. Most often, during the oral examination of the patient the dentist gives very little importance to the frenum. The frena may jeopardize the gingival health when they are attached too closely to the gingival margin, either due to interference in ...