In this article we describe and evaluate a public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) methodology for use in national forest planning in the United States. The Internet-based mapping method collects public landscape values and special places data for input into a national forest planning decision support system. The PPGIS method presupposes that, within their existing statutory...

this paper considers the spatial planning system in russian federation. study of spatial planning system of russia specifies three different stages from each other. the first phase consists of the sixteenth century until the early twentieth century. in this period, base of the spatial planning was formed and gradually developed during approximately 400 years. the next phase is devoted to soviet...

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) in Africa have invested considerable financial and human resources in research planning exercises. African NARS have implemented research planning by translating general national development objectives into concrete priorities and action plans for agricultural research. These formal research planning exercises have a...