Adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries are devastating, and they are occurring with increasing frequency. Patient evaluation consists of a focused assessment of upper extremity sensory and motor function, radiologic studies, and, most important, preoperative and intraoperative electrodiagnostic studies. The critical concepts in surgical treatment are patient selection as well as the timing an...

Certain surgical treatment failures of the brachial plexus lesions are due to the presence of anatomical variations. Anatomical knowledge of the pectoral nerves is of clinical importance during mastectomy, neurotization or other surgical procedures in the axilla. The present case describes three nerves arising from the lateral cord of brachial plexus supplying the pectoralis major muscle one be...

Background: Our aim was to investigate the motor outcome, effects on the diaphragm muscle, and delimit the regained nerve conduction capacity of the transected phrenic nerve, following its reconstruction to prepare the subjects to electrophrenic respiration. Methods: All one-year-old 12 healthy pigs (German Landrace) weighing 45 to 50 kg were used in the study. Three groups, each of which consi...

Objective(s): When the nerve is injured near its entrance to the muscle belly, we cannot perform conventional methods. One useful method in such a situation is neurotization surgery. In this study, Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) implanted into the paralyzed muscle after neurotization surgery. These cells can stimulate axon growth and motor endplate formation, also prevent muscle atr...