in order to understand the unknown parts of history, having access to new historical documents and their interrelationship could be a breakthrough for researchers in the field of history. in this context, coins and numismatic knowledge are known as valuable resources to clarify the historical uncertainties such as geographical names and their evolution, discovering unknown cities, their names, ...

fictional names have been one of the most important and serious topics in the contemporary philosophy of language and metaphysics.several questions such as “do fictional names refer to any objects?” “are fictional characters existent objects?” have resulted in a considerable literature of philosophy. in this essay, we will follow two objectives. first we will describe and elaborate the ideas ...

a place-name or a toponym is a word used to indicate, denote or identify a geographic locality. place-names are formed in the course of history of a region and are affected by various linguistic, social, political and cultural events. toponymy is the taxonomic study of place-names, based on etymological, historical and geographical information. this paper first defines toponym and topnymy and i...