background spinal anesthesia is an important and commonly used method for surgical anesthetic in operating rooms. however, even with identical drug dosage and administration mode, the extent of drug distribution in vivo is highly variable and difficult to control. preanesthetic administration of fluids immediately before spinal anesthesia (preload) is normal practice. the choice of fluid type m...

conclusions considering possible side effects of heparin and the increase in treatment charges and the fact that using heparin did not have a significant effect on patency and survival of catheters in the studied patients, it is recommended to use normal saline solution to maintain the patency of central venous catheters. results there was no significant difference in the rate of flushing (p = ...

Subcutaneous fat atrophy at the site of multiple injections can follow intradermal or intramuscular administration of steroids to treat inflammatory diseases. This condition takes several months to develop, and usually patients seek medical attention due to cosmetic deformities. Several methods, including fat transfer, filler injection and normal saline injection haven been proposed to tr...

Nebulized hypertonic saline (HS) treatment reduced the length of hospitalization in infants with acute bronchiolitis in a previous meta-analysis. However, there was no reduction in the admission rate. We hypothesized that nebulized HS treatment might significantly decrease both the duration and the rate of hospitalization if more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. We searched ME...

backgroundbronchiolitis is the commonest cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infant. respiratory syncytial virus is the commonest cause of bronchiolitis. this study aimed to assess the efficacy of nebulized 3% hypertonic saline and salbutamol in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in comparison with nebulized 0.9% saline and salbutamol.materials and methodsa prospective case second m...