We have developed a simple chemical system capable of self-movement in order to study the physicochemical origins of movement. We propose how this system may be useful in the study of minimal perception and cognition. The system consists simply of an oil droplet in an aqueous environment. A chemical reaction within the oil droplet induces an instability, the symmetry of the oil droplet breaks, ...

An integrated Artificial Neural NetworkParticle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is presented for analyzing global electricity consumption. To aim this purpose, following steps are done: STEP 1: in the first step, PSO is applied in order to determine world’s oil, natural gas, coal and primary energy demand equations based on socio-economic indicators. World’s population, Gross domestic product (GDP), o...

An oil spill model coupled with a hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate the spread of oil slick in real marine conditions considering the effects of tidal currents, wind and wave. The hydrodynamic model is verified using the measurements of tidal elevations and current speeds at the Persian Gulf. Effect of various governing factors on oil slick movement, tidal currents, wind and wave, ar...

Abstract Institutional explanations of intra-party violence rarely address political economy dynamics shaping the institutions in question, and therefore they fail to understand their emergence stability. Specifically, focusing on institutional factors alone does not enable a nuanced understanding candidate nomination why some constituencies are peaceful while others violent. This article theor...

1Endocrine and Metabolism Research Centre, Doctor Shariati Hospital, Tehran University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. 2Health Research and Education Unit, Healthcare Organization, National Iranian Oil Corporation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Received: 30/07/02; accepted: 27/03/03 ABSTRACT To estimate the direct cost of coronary heart disease (CHD) to the Iranian oil industry, we calcu...

Considering Russia’s rich and vast oil resources, this country is one of the world’s greatest producers and exporters of this nonrenewable energy resource, and like other petrostates, receives a major part of its national income in this way. The dependence of Russia’s budget on oil has raised the significance of world oil price fluctuations for this country. Since 1970s, the global oil market h...