introduction: in order to study the alterations of beta 1 and 2 integrins mrna level in rat lumbar spinal cord following the induction of chronic pain and its effect on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia, we examined the level of expression of these genes in the presence of chronic pain, which is an inhibitor of morphine tolerance. we used induction of chronic pain alone and in ...

background: there is ample evidence supporting the effectiveness of exercise in management of chronic low back pain. recently, there has been a growing interest in pilates exercise among researchers and other professionals involved in this subject. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of pilates exercise on chronic low back pain. material and methods: twenty-eight patients with...

introduction: pain in the achilles tendon during loading is a very common condition. conservative treatments, such as low level laser therapy (lllt) have been reported to give varying results. recently, a new laser treatment technique, high power laser treatment (hplt) (swiss dynalaser®), was introduced in scandinavia, but has not, to our knowledge, been systematically tested before. the object...

background: malignancy and its treatments could cause disturbance in homeostasis of body such as cortisol secretion. the present study has investigated the effects of cortisol level imbalance in behavioral and emotional adjustments. methods: seventy-eight children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) have involved in this study. their salivary cortisol level, which were sensitive to pain and...

background: estimating pain in patients of intensive care unit (icu) is essential, but because of their special situation, verbal scales cannot be used. therefore, to estimate the level of pain, behavioral pain scale was developed by payen in 2001. objectives: the aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of behavioral pain scale in patients with low level of consciousne...

Introduction: Chronic pancreatitis is defined as a persistent pancreatic inflammatory disease. In chronic pancreatitis, recurrent episodes of inflammation lead to the replacement of pancreatic parenchyma with fibrotic connective tissue. Chronic pancreatitis pain, which may initially mimic acute pancreatitis, is severe, frequent, and continual and has a major impact on the quality of life and so...