Finite-state devices are widely used in natural language processing, yet little if anything is known about metrics and topology of finite-state transition graphs. Here we study numerically the structure of directed state transition graphs for several types of finite-state devices representing morphology of 16 languages. In all experiments we have found that distribution of incoming and outcomin...

This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two "quasi-natural experiments" in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the w...

We analyze the European transition economics and show that many time series of major indices exhibit (i) power-law correlations in their values, (ii) power-law correlations in their magnitudes and (iii) an asymmetric probability distribution. Applying the phase randomization procedure to these time series, we show that magnitude correlations completely vanish. We propose a stochastic model that...

Many systems require that the primary source of DC power be converted to other voltages. Battery driven circuitry is an obvious candidate. The 6V or 12V cell in a laptop computer must be converted to different potentials needed for memory, disc drives, display and operating logic. In theory, AC line powered systems should not need DC/DC converters because the implied power transformer can be eq...

We derive saddlepoint approximations for the distribution and density functions of the half-life estimated by OLS from autoregressive time-series models. Our results are used to prove that none of the integer-order moments of these half-life estimators exist. This provides an explanation for the very large estimates of persistency, and the extremely wide confidence intervals, that have been rep...

in this paper, the influence of the constituent volume fractions by changing the values of the power-law exponent with uniform pressure on the vibration frequencies of reinforced functionally graded cylindrical shells is studied. the fgm shell with ring is developed in accordance to the volume fraction law from two constituents namely stainless steel and nickel. these constituents are graded th...