Rice is the fourth most important crop in Italy with a growing area under organic management. We conducted participatory evaluation of 21 rice cultivars (10 old, 10 modern and mixture) four organic/biodynamic farms, for two cropping seasons, to assess extent varieties × farms years within farm interactions farmers’ preferences. There were significant differences between varieties, as well large...

This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of two heavy metals, lead and cadmium, in the water of Zayandehroud River which is surrounded by Zarinshahr rice farms. Water was sampled from a depth of 30 cm during June, July and August 2015, i.e. during the process of planting, growing and after harvesting, in three stations. Water was collected from three points; 20m before the farms, besi...

This article estimated the impacts of land fragmentation on production costs and input demands using panel data of Japanese rice farms┻ Empirical results reveal that fragmentation increases production costs and offsets economies of size┼ and that these impacts are strong especially for large size farms┻ This result implies that as the farm gets larger┼ emphasis should be switched from increasin...

Rice is a strategic commodity in the food chain for people and governments. It fundamental many societies. Moreover, producing rice can provide reliable source of revenue if proper supply management coordinated by farmer countries. The includes diverse elements such as farms, mills, distribution centers, markets. This study examines important factors that play significant role chain. A bi-objec...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for more than three billion people, over half the world’s population. It provides 27% of dietary energy and 20% of dietary protein in the developing world. Rice is cultivated in at least 114, mostly developing, countries and is the primary source of income and employment for more than 100 million households in Asia and Africa (FAO, 2004). Of the 840 mil...