Innovation, the lifeline to survival in the telecommunications market, has spurred the telecommunications industry to adopt next-generation SONET/SDH as the most economical and technologically feasible solution for transmitting both voice and data over carrier networks. According to Marian Stasney, a Yankee Group senior analyst, “As bandwidth demand increases or equipment becomes obsolete in me...

Background. The accuracy and utility of current Emergency Department (ED) crowding estimation tools remain uncertain in EDs with high annual volumes. We aimed at deriving a more accurate tool to evaluate overcrowding in a high volume ED setting and determine the association between ED overcrowding and patient care outcomes. Methods. A novel scoring tool (SONET: Severely overcrowded-Overcrowded-...

This study presented a new data link layer design for the virtual bus architecture. The virtual bus is a hierarchical access network offered a broadcast capability for data and signaling. The proposed of the study is to support Quality of Service (QoS) in network. During study, the most promising technology capable of delivering full service access at high data rates is Synchronous Digital Hier...

Next-generation SONET/SDH provides carriers with new capabilities for building advanced Ethernet data services. Along these lines, numerous Ethernet-over-SONET studies have been done, with most focusing on point-to-point private line type services. This paper introduces the more challenging problem of provisioning multi-point-to-multi-point Ethernet LAN services over inverse-multiplexing networ...

Protection using rings has been the common method of reducing downtime on SONET/SDH based telecommunication networks. With the trend towards IP over DWDM, there is a need for IP based protection and restoration mechanisms. In this paper, the mechanisms being developed at several standards organizations including OIF, IETF, and ITU are described. These mechanisms are in some sense more powerful ...

Minimal cost networks are presented when SONET UPSR and BLSR networks are deployed over a WDM fiber ring. The primary cost is the number of SONET ADMs, and a secondary cost is the number of wavelengths. The networks have been designed assuming a nonstatistical traffic model, and guarantees no blocking of traffic. Three network architectures are given that have low ADM costs. It is shown that ne...

Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document describes an exten...

The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [1] provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links, and RFCs 1662 [2] and 2615 [3] provide a means to carry PPP over Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) [4] and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) [5] circuits. This document extends these standards to include a new encapsulation for PPP called Simple Data Link (SD...