abstract the main purpose of this paper is to obtain the optimal amount of expenses of government relating to the protection of property rights (pprs). to achieve these purposes we have introduced concept of social intelligence with respect to pprs and then developed different growth model from existing literature. in the second step the optimal share of government spending on the pprs is calcu...

abstract research and development (r&d;) spending plays a major role in innovation, raising productivity and increasing economic growth. the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of r&d; spending on growth and total factor productivity (tfp) in iran's agricultural sector. we estimate growth and productivity models using auto-regressive distributed lag (ardl) approach and data over ...

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IMPORTANCE Graduate medical education training may imprint young physicians with skills and experiences, but few studies have evaluated imprinting on physician spending patterns. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between spending patterns in the region of a physician's graduate medical education training and subsequent mean Medicare spending per beneficiary. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICI...

Consumer participation plays a more active role in corporate social responsibility (CSR) than ever before. However, framework describing how approaches generate cognitive and behavior responses consumers is still lacking. The purpose of this study to investigate the different effects among consumers’ (i.e., spending money versus time) on inspiring engage CSR. Additionally, we explore mechanisms...

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to obtain the optimal amount of expenses of government relating to the protection of property rights (PPRs). To achieve these purposes we have introduced concept of social intelligence with respect to PPRs and then developed different growth model from existing literature. In the second step the optimal share of government spending on the PPRs is calcu...