Abstract: Selecting the most appropriate first-in-human and pharmacologically active dose for any new drugs or biologicals is a crucial step before starting clinical trial investigation in adult healthy human subjects. Extrapolation of between various rodent non-rodent animal species critical biomedical researchers during initial drug development. The objective this review to provide practical ...

Purpose:Nanoparticles or carrier-mediated agents have been designed to prolong drug circulation time, increase tumor delivery, and improve therapeutic index compared to their small-molecule counterparts. The starting dose for phase I studies of small molecules and nanoparticles anticancer agents is based on the toxicity profile of the most sensitive species (e.g., rat or canine), but the optima...

effect of propylthiouracil (ptu)-induced hypothyroidism during the prepubertal period, at a dose of oneg per kg of the diet, on serum testosterone level and seminal characteristics of fars indigenous chickens wasstudied. ptu was fed between 7th to 13th weeks of age and semen was collected at weekly intervals, starting at 21st week of age and continued for seven weeks. the effect of ptu treatmen...

visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is usually treated with pentavalent antimonial drugs given alone or in combination with other drugs. the efficacy of these treatments is diminishing, however, and development of alternative treatments has been recommended.we studied 13 patients with leishmaniasis who were unresponsive to meglumine antimonate, at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight/per day given for 30 day...

BACKGROUND Asthma guidelines vary in their recommendations for the initial dose of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in asthma. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to establish the optimal starting dose of ICS for asthma in adults. METHODS Randomised controlled trials comparing two doses of the same ICS in adults with asthma and no concomitant inhaled or oral corticosteroid were as...

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical and biochemical effects of a low starting dose for gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients with a contact allergy to gold. METHODS Serum cytokines were assayed before and 24 h after the first injection of gold sodium thiomalate (GSTM). RESULTS Contact allergy to gold was found in 4 of 19 patients. Compared to gold-negative patients (starting dose: 10 mg...

The European Association for Palliative Care recommendation for starting morphine for cancer pain is dose titration with immediate release (IR) oral morphine given every 4 h with additionally doses for breakthrough pain. As part of a EU 6th framework programme to revise the guidelines we review the evidence regarding starting treatment and dose titration of opioids in adult patients with modera...