In this article, Finite Element Method (FEM) and Eulerian-Lagrangies Algorithm (ELA) formulation were used to numerically simulate the impact of several low-velocity projectiles with water surface. Material models which were used to express behavior of air and water included Null material model. For the projectiles, rigid material model were applied. Results were validated by analyzing the impa...

The goal of this work is to develop an efficient numerical modeling method for the vibration of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) battery packs to support probabilistic forced response simulations and fatigue life predictions. There are two important sources of variations in HEV battery packs that affect their structural dynamic response. One source is the uncertain level of pre-stress due to bolts...

in this paper, the interface crack of two non-homogenous functionally graded materials is studied. subsequently, with employing the displacement method for fracture of mixed-mode stress intensity factors, the continuous variation of material properties are calculated. in this investigation, the displacements are derived with employing of the functional graded material programming and analysis o...

Highly ordered, close packed granular systems present a nonlinear dynamic behavior stemming from the Hertzian contact interaction between particles. We investigated the propagation of elastic stress waves in an uncompressed, centered square array of spherical and cylindrical particles. We show, via experiments and numerical simulations, that systematic variations of the mass and stiffness ratio...

Environmentally inducible phenotypic plasticity is a major player in plant responses to climate change. However, metabolic responses and their role in determining the phenotypic plasticity of plants that are subjected to temperature variations remain poorly understood. The metabolomic profiles and metabolite levels in the leaves of three maize inbred lines grown in different temperature conditi...

Adjoint methods of sensitivity analysis were applied to the California Current using the Regional Ocean Modeling Systems (ROMS) with medium resolution, aimed at diagnosing the circulation sensitivity to variations in surface forcing. The sensitivities of coastal variations in SST, eddy kinetic energy, and baroclinic instability of complex time-evolving flows were quantified. Each aspect of the ...

The first step was to collect, process, and examine the data from SHEBA. The meteorological data include wind speed, air temperature, and longwave and shortwave radiation. Ice core data were used to calculate an average profile of ice salinity and porosity. Snow cover variations were combined into bins to produce a time history of the fractional coverage of snow as a function of time. Ice stres...