This study examines service delivery patterns in the provision of family planning in a representative district of the Punjab in Pakistan. Data were obtained from 100 out of 1288 family welfare centers (FWCs) in Sheikhupura district in 1992. FWCs had about 34.6% of the average market share of women who had used family planning and 41% among women living within 1 km of an FWC. 35% of IUD users...

BACKGROUND Social factors affect the risk of very preterm birth and may affect subsequent outcomes in those born preterm. We assessed the influence of neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics on the risk and outcomes of singleton very preterm birth (<32 weeks of gestation) in two European regions with different health systems. METHODS Live births (n=1118) from a population-based cohort of...

BACKGROUND Numerous studies have examined associations between air pollution and pregnancy outcomes, but most have been restricted to urban populations living near monitors. OBJECTIVES We examined the association between pregnancy outcomes and fine particulate matter in a large national study including urban and rural areas. METHODS Analyses were based on approximately 3 million singleton l...

A recent article by Gray, Stockard, and Stone contended that the increase in the proportion of births to unmarried women since 1974 in the United States was not caused by any major change in underlying fertility behavior but rather by a decrease in the proportion of women who are married, which increased both the population at risk and the birth rate of unmarried women relative to that of marri...

This study investigated the relation between birth characteristics and numeracy attainment at age 8 years. Using a multilevel approach, the authors analyzed all non-Aboriginal singletons born in Western Australia who attended government schools and participated in a Western Australia-wide numeracy test in grade 3 between 1999 and 2005. Appropriateness of intrauterine growth was expressed as the...

Tear lysozyme concentration was measured in term, preterm, and small-for-dates infants using a modification of the lysoplate technique. The lysozyme concentration was greater in the term infant than in preterm and small-for-dates infants. The values were found to increase with birthweight and gestation to a term value which is similar to that described in adults. There was no relationship betwe...

The birth weight of a newborn is a significant determinant of neonatal and postnatal infant mortality. Maternal weight gain during pregnancy is one of the significant factors that influences on birth weight. Our purpose of this study is that to determine the effect of maternal eight gain on neonatal birth weight. This descriptive study is done on women who delivered in Mahdieh Hospital since M...

introduction: neonatal period damages occur due to mechanical forces (compression, stretching) during the birth process are classified as birth trauma. various maternofetal factors, such as maternal diabetes, breech or other noncephalic presentations and birth weight might have been effective in developing prenatal trauma. shoulder dystocia, which is common in neonates` of diabetic mothers, usu...