Background Over the last decade there has been an increase in healthcare expenditures while at the same time the inequity in distribution of resources has grown. These two issues have urged the researchers to review the determinants of healthcare expenditures. In this study, we surveyed the determinants of health expenditures in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) countries.   Methods We us...

The aim of the paper is to show that diierences among several agents can have positive eeects in so far as they may generate original solutions and be a basis for a global enrichment of the agents' knowledge. Philosophical foundations of cooperation and of the positive aspects of connicts are rst explained. Our contribution next consists in i) a formal model devoted to the representation of the...

We consider an affine term structure model of interest rates, where the factors satisfy a linear diffusion equation. We assume that the information available to an agent comes from observing the yields of a finite number of traded bonds and that this information is not sufficient to reconstruct exactly the factors. We derive a method to obtain arbitrage-free prices of illiquid or non traded bon...

   Two omega-3 fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are essential for the physiologic function of neuronal cell membrane. Normal function of neuronal cell membrane requires appropriate composition of fatty in its structure. Present study was designed to compare the effect of short-term and long-term pretreatment with omega-3 fatty acids on scopolamine...

In this paper we answer a question of Friedman, providing an ω-separable model M of the λβη-calculus. There therefore exists an α-separable model for any α ≥ 0. The model M permits no non-trivial enrichment as a partial order; neither does it permit an enrichment as a category with an initial object. The open term model embeds in M: by way of contrast we provide a model which cannot embed in an...

Based on the generalized gauge theory on M4 ×Z2 ×Z3, we reconstructed the realistic SU(5) Grand Unified model by a suitable assignment of fermion fields. The action of group elements Z2 on fermion fields is the charge conjugation while the action of Z3 elements represent generation translation. We find that to fit the spontaneous symmetry breaking and gauge hierarchy of SU(5) model a linear ter...