1.1 introduction “i see translation as the attempt to produce a text so transparent that it does not seem to be translated. a good translation is like a pane of glass. you only notice that it’s there when there are little imperfections- scratches, bubbles. ideally, there shouldn’t be any. it should never call attention to itself.” “norman shapiro” (venuti, 1995:1) edward fitzgerald is the br...

to discuss my point, i have collected quite a number of articles, anthologies, and books about "wuthering heights" applying various ideas and theories to this fantastic story. hence, i have come to believe that gadamer and jauss are rightful when they claim that "the individaul human mind is the center and origin of all meaning," 3 that reading literature is a reader-oriented activity, that it ...

Ibn Khaldoon, the sidtinguished Islamic scholar and philosopher, considers human beings as basically ignorant, However, he notes that, the can overcome this ignorance b y means of thought and contemplation. According to him one of the distinguishiong characteristics between human beings and animals is the capacity to think. In this respect he considres 3 leves of thought, namely, discriminative...