Mid-latitude ozone changes: studies with a 3-D CTM forced by ERA-40 analyses W. Feng, M. P. Chipperfield, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker Institute for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Institute für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Received: 3 April 2006 – Accepted: 21 April 2006 – Published: 17 July 2006 Correspondence...

centuries. Starting from the pre-Islamic era in the 6th century AD and extending to the 16th Century AD when the Ottoman Sultan Salim I in 1516 AD invaded and destroyed the Mamluk Dynasty in Syria and Egypt extending the Ottoman Empire into North Africa. The language of science at the time was Arabic. Many scientists and physicians throughout the Muslim Empire taught and wrote in Arabic. This w...

Evaluation of ECMWF ERA-40 temperature and wind in the lower tropical stratosphere since 1988 from past long-duration balloon measurements T. Christensen, B. M. Knudsen, J.-P. Pommereau, G. Letrenne, A. Hertzog, F. Vial, J. Ovarlez, and M. Piot Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark Service d’Aéronomie, IPSL/CNRS, Verrières-Le-Buisson, France Centre National d’Études Spatiales, To...

The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus. Art, Faith and Empire in Early Islam, by Alain George. Gingko 2021. Library Art Series. 260pp., 165 ill. Hardback 60£. ISBN0-13: 9781909942455.

أطلق كثيرٌ من الشّعراء والنُّقَّادِ ألقابًا على بعض القصائد؛ لتمتُّعِها بظواهر فنيَّة أتت في سياق التّشريف أو التّسخيف. ومادام أنّ عمليّة التّشكيل الشّعريّ تتمّ باللّاشعور الذي يخلق القصيدة ذات الروح الواحدة القائمة غير غرضٍ شعريٍّ يتوسّل بها الشّاعر للوصول إلى هدفه، فإنَّ البحث يهدف لتلمُّسِ أثر اللّقب تشكيل تلك القصيدة. وقد اخترت بعضَ الألقاب؛ لكثرتها المدونات الشعرية، والنقدية التي بدأت حركتها منذ عهد المفضل الضّبّيّ(178هـ). وس...

This article focuses on the confrontation that broke out sometime in 709 or 710 CE between a hundred men led by members of Banū Fahm and Umayyad governor Egypt, Qurra b. Sharīk. After presenting case question, explains who participated conflict, what their motives expectations were, how failure these resulted with his troops. I suggest although early Muslim historians depicted conflict religiou...