abstract society is the benchmark of right and wrong and in fact literature is an expressive of it. considering this brief sentence it can be understood that the life of literature in all ages especially in umayyad era is under the influence of society, and literary techniques appear under the impact of the social stimuli in that society. social life of umayyad dynasty era enjoyed, in most area...

as one of the influential groups in the incidents of the early centuries ah, khawārij appeared for the first time during the caliphate of imam ‘alī (a.s.) and in the process of the battle of ṣaffain as an independent cult that stood up in opposition to arbitration (ḥakamiyyat). upon the transfer of caliphate to the umayyad, the khawārij stood up against them from the very beginning and develope...

there is disagreement about the antiquity of glassmaking industry in shām. some trace it back to the post-islamic era and regard it as being inspired by the roman artisans who had been employed for constructing buildings in the umayyad reign. others, however, believe that this industry is traced back to centuries before islam entered shām and was restored and developed by the support of the cal...

The existence of a Byzantine church north of Tell Hesbh was confirmed by a sounding done in 1976 as part of the Andrews University Expedition. As a follow-up to that, Baptist Bible College of Pennsylvania sponsored a four-week expedition' to the site for the purpose of expanding the excavation of the church. The probe of 1976 had established the existence of three strata at the site: an Ayyilbi...

This study examines healthcare security measures during the Umayyad era, including therapeutic and preventive for individuals, communities, environment. The era saw a focus on medicine doctors, establishment of hospitals, allocation departments elderly infectious diseases. emphasizes importance personal hygiene, cleanliness, avoiding harmful foods. caliphs prioritized health their subjects, peo...