Thyroid ophthalmopathy, or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is the most common cause of exophthalmos in adults. Graves first described thyroid disease with associated ophthalmopathy in 1835. To date, the pathogenesis of thyroid ophthalmopathy remains speculative, as reflected by the numerous names by which it is described such as dysthyroid ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease, thyroid orbitopathy, eut...

Abstract Background: Graves’ Orbitopathy, also known as Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) is a severe ocular manifestation of Disease. It manifests an autoantibody mediated reaction to the thyroid hormone stimulating receptor (TSH-R), these receptors are closely linked with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1R). The TSH-R antibodies play major role in pathogenesis TED. activation and IGF-1R on orbital ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety and efficacy of a conservative orbital decompression using sharp-curette bony decompression and intraconal fat debulking through a transconjunctival incision in patients with thyroid-related orbitopathy and mild to moderate proptosis. DESIGN Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Data from all patients undergoi...

PURPOSE To examine the histopathology of palpebral conjunctiva in patients with thyroid-related orbitopathy. Based on previously published anecdotes, the hypothesis is that conjunctiva shows increased inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS This was a comparative case series. Superior palpebral conjunctiva was examined from two groups. The study group consisted of 20 patients undergoing thyroid-re...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with vision changes both due to MS effects on visual pathways and due to medication effects on the visual pathways. Distinguishing the causes of vision change are critical to appropriate diagnosis and management. The incidence, presentation, and treatment of fingolimod-associated macular edema, alemtuzumab-associated thyroid orbitopathy, and progressive mul...

Evidence largely from earlier prevalence studies and recent population-based studies indicate that there is a strong clinical association between autoimmune thyroid disease and adult celiac disease. In part, at least, this appears to be related to common genetically-based determinants as well as a common embryonic origin since the fetal thyroid is derived from the pharyngeal gut. Specific pheno...