II. INNOVATION-ENHANCING AND INNOVATION-INHIBITING EFFECTS OF PATENTS IN NORMAL SCIENCE...................................................... 669 A. Traditional Justifications for Patent Law .................................... 669 B. Rebuttals to Traditional Patent Theory: Scientific Communism and the Tragedy of the Anticommons ...... 671 1. Norms of Communal Sharing and Implications for Paten...

In this article, tragedy and utopia are juxtaposed, and it is proposed that the problem of "medicalisation" is better understood in a framework of tragedy than in a utopian one. In utopia, it is presupposed that there is an error behind every setback and every side effect, whereas tragedy brings to light how side effects can be the result of irreconcilable conflicts. Medicalisation is to some e...

Many of the world’s major renewable resource stocks are in a state of decline. This is true for capture fisheries, for forests in developing countries, and for many measures of the biosphere’s health. Other renewable resources, including many species of wildlife, marine mammals, and Coral reefs, are also under threat. While poverty and government corruption are surely responsible for some of th...

Congenital syngnathia is an extremely rare condition with no standardized treatment. We hereby report a case highlighting the difficulties faced in its management and the postoperative complications.