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background and objective: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are the treatment of choice for ductal closure in premature newborn. this study evaluates early and late outcome, as well as the effectiveness of oral ibuprofen in the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (pda) in premature infants. methods: in this clinical trial, all preterm infants below 37 weeks, with documentation of pda were...

Unlike conventional wisdom, I find more constrained firms have significantly higher innovative efficiency (IE) measured by patent citations (or counts) per dollar of R&D (research and development). This constraints-IE relation is robust to measures of financial constraints, measures of IE, and different sets of control variables. Furthermore, this effect exists only among firms with strong mana...

The issue of subject matter that is excluded from patentability as not being patentable subject matter is one of lively current interest in the USA. European patent law, albeit under a different legislative framework, and one which unlike that in the USA specifically lists certain exclusions from patentability, has had to grapple with similar issues, but has over time largely resolved these so ...

granting of intellectual property rights on biological materials could be very contentious issue from cultural, legal, ethical and religious points of view. this could be even more complicated, once it acquires an international dimension. the agreement on trade related intellectual property rights (trips) is the latest international arrangement under which, a complex structure for international...